Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (Giedion syndrome): A case report with literature review.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare multisystem disorder characterized by abnormalities in the hair (tricho), nose (rhino), and digits (phalangeal). A variety of nonspecific intraoral findings have been reported in the literature, including hypodontia, delayed tooth eruption, malocclusion, a high-arched palate, mandibular retrognathia, midface hypoplasia, and multiple impacted teeth. In addition, supernumerary teeth have been detected in several persons with TRPS, especially type 1. This report describes the clinical manifestations and dental management of a TRPS 1 patient with multiple impacted supernumerary and permanent teeth. PATIENT: A 15-year-old female patient visited our clinic with a known medical history of TRPS 1 with laceration of the tongue caused by teeth eruption in the palate. RESULTS: Radiographic images showed a total of 45 teeth: two deciduous, 32 permanent, and 11 supernumerary teeth. Six permanent teeth and 11 supernumerary teeth in the posterior quadrants were impacted. Four impacted third molars, supernumerary teeth, retained deciduous teeth, and impacted maxillary premolars were removed under general anaesthesia. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This case suggests that all patients with TRPS should undergo full clinical and radiographic oral examination and should be informed about the disease and the importance of dental counselling.

Expanding the clinical and molecular features of trichorhino- phalangeal syndrome with a novel variant.

BACKGROUND: Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by typical craniofacial features, ectodermal and skeletal findings. TRPS type 1 (TRPS1) is caused by pathogenic variations in the TRPS1 gene, which relates to the vast majority of cases. TRPS type 2 (TRPS2) is a contiguous gene deletion syndrome involving loss of functional copies of the TRPS1, RAD21, and EXT1. Herein, we reported the clinical and genetic spectrum of seven TRPS patients with a novel variant. We also reviewed the musculoskeletal and radiological findings in the literature. METHODS: Seven Turkish patients (three female, four male) from five unrelated families aged between 7 to 48 years were evaluated. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by either molecular karyotyping or TRPS1 sequencing analysis via next-generation sequencing. RESULTS: Both TRPS1 and TRPS2 patients had some common distinctive facial features and skeletal findings. All patients had a bulbous nose with hypoplastic alae nasi, brachydactyly, short metacarpals and phalanges in variable stages. Low bone mineral density (BMD) was identified in two TRPS2 family members presenting with bone fracture, and growth hormone deficiency was detected in two patients. Skeletal X-ray imaging revealed cone-shaped epiphysis of the phalanges in all, and multiple exostoses were present in three patients. Cerebral hamartoma, menometrorrhagia and long bone cysts were among the new/rare conditions. Three pathogenic variants in TRPS1 were identified in four patients from three families, including a frameshift (c.2445dup, p.Ser816GlufsTer28), one missense (c.2762G > A), and a novel splice site variant (c.2700+3A > G). We also reported a familial inheritance in TRPS2 which is known to be very rare. CONCLUSIONS: Our study contributes to the clinical and genetic spectrum of patients with TRPS while also providing a review by comparing with previous cohort studies.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome: a case report and brief literature review.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in TRPS gene, characterized by skeletal, skin appendage, and endocrinological manifestations. Clinical presentation may vary widely, and the syndrome frequently remains undiagnosed. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, supported by radiographic images, and is confirmed by genetic investigation. Familiarity with this genetic disorder is crucial for providing correct and early identification, and for determining adequate supportive management, especially to prevent orthopedic complications.

Minimal Critical Region and Genes for a Typical Presentation of Langer-Giedion Syndrome.

Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS) is caused by a contiguous deletion at 8q23q24, characterized by exostoses, facial, ectodermal, and skeletal anomalies, and, occasionally, intellectual disability. LGS patients have been diagnosed clinically or by routine cytogenetic techniques, hampering the definition of an accurate genotype-phenotype correlation for the syndrome. We report two unrelated patients with 8q23q24 deletions, characterized by cytogenomic techniques, with one of them, to our knowledge, carrying the smallest deletion reported in classic LGS cases. We assessed the pathogenicity of the deletion of genes within the 8q23q24 region and reviewed other molecularly confirmed cases from the literature. Our findings suggest a 3.2-Mb critical region for a typical presentation of the syndrome, emphasizing the contribution of the TRPS1, RAD21, and EXT1 genes' haploinsufficiency, and facial dysmorphisms as well as bone anomalies as the most frequent features among patients with LGS. We also suggest a possible role for the CSMD3 gene, whose deletion seems to contribute to central nervous system anomalies. Since studies performing such correlation for LGS patients are limited, our data contribute to improving the ge-notype-phenotype characterization for LGS patients.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II associated with aplasia cutis congenita in a neonate.

Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) was diagnosed in a newborn with dysmorphic facial features, oligodactyly of the bilateral feet, and hip instability. The neonate's clinical abnormalities in addition to genetic testing confirmed a diagnosis of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) type II. The possibility of concurrent Adams-Oliver syndrome (AOS) is raised.

Síndrome tricorinofalángico / Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome

El síndrome tricorinofalángico I (TPRSI) tiene una herencia autosómica dominante, la proporción de casos «de novo» es desconocida1. Se caracteriza por rasgos faciales únicos, nariz de extremo bulboso, surco nasolabial plano y alargado, cabello escaso y de crecimiento lento. Anomalías esqueléticas que incluyen falanges y metacarpianos cortos -braquidactilia-, epífisis en forma de cono, displasia de cadera y estatura baja1-3. Presentamos los casos de una familia con 7 miembros afectos de TRPSI

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome I (TPRSI) has an autosomal dominant inheritance; the proportion of «de novo» cases is unknown1. It is characterized by unique facial features, bulbous nose, flat and elongated nasolabial furrow, thin hair and slow growth. Skeletal abnormalities that include short phalanges and metacarpals -brachydactyly-, cone-shaped epiphyses, hip dysplasia and short stature1-3

Long-read DNA sequencing fully characterized chromothripsis in a patient with Langer-Giedion syndrome and Cornelia de Lange syndrome-4.

Chromothripsis is a type of chaotic complex genomic rearrangement caused by a single event of chromosomal shattering and repair processes. Chromothripsis is known to cause rare congenital diseases when it occurs in germline cells, however, current genome analysis technologies have difficulty in detecting and deciphering chromothripsis. It is possible that this type of complex rearrangement may be overlooked in rare-disease patients whose genetic diagnosis is unsolved. We applied long read nanopore sequencing and our recently developed analysis pipeline dnarrange to a patient who has a reciprocal chromosomal translocation t(8;18)(q22;q21) as a result of chromothripsis between the two chromosomes, and fully characterize the complex rearrangements at the translocation site. The patient genome was evidently shattered into 19 fragments, and rejoined into derivative chromosomes in a random order and orientation. The reconstructed patient genome indicates loss of five genomic regions, which all overlap with microarray-detected copy number losses. We found that two disease-related genes RAD21 and EXT1 were lost by chromothripsis. These two genes could fully explain the disease phenotype with facial dysmorphisms and bone abnormality, which is likely a contiguous gene syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome type IV (CdLs-4) and atypical Langer-Giedion syndrome (LGS), also known as trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPSII). This provides evidence that our approach based on long read sequencing can fully characterize chromothripsis in a patient's genome, which is important for understanding the phenotype of disease caused by complex genomic rearrangement.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome. / Síndrome tricorinofalángico.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome I (TPRSI) has an autosomal dominant inheritance; the proportion of «de novo¼ cases is unknown1. It is characterized by unique facial features, bulbous nose, flat and elongated nasolabial furrow, thin hair and slow growth. Skeletal abnormalities that include short phalanges and metacarpals -brachydactyly-, cone-shaped epiphyses, hip dysplasia and short stature1-3.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome as a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for paediatric endocrinologists.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is rare genetic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance. The TRPS1 gene is located on the long arm of the eighth chromosome (8q24.12). The phenotype is variable and presents a wide clinical spectrum. Most cases are characterised by thin, sparse scalp hair, distinctive facial dysmorphism, and various skeletal abnormalities, especially of the hands and feet. Characteristic facial features may include a "pear-shaped" nose, micrognathia, dental anomalies, prominent ears, elongated philtrum, and thin upper vermillion border. In most cases, affected individuals exhibit skeletal abnormalities including brachydactyly and clinodac-tyly, short metacarpals phalanges, short feet and metatarsals, and pectus carinatum and hip joint malformations. Additionally, patients may exhibit short stature. This report presents four cases of TRPS (three sporadic and one familial). Clinical presentation included typical facial features and vari-ous skeletal abnormalities. Some TRPS symptoms may mimic growth hormone deficiency and other endocrine disturbances. The aim of this article is to deliver TRPS symptomatology. The treatment of TRPS is symptomatic and supportive and requires the coordination of several specialists, including paediatricians, endocrinologists, orthopaedic surgeons, dermatologists, and medical rehabilitation and den-tal specialists. In some cases, recombinant growth hormone therapy may be necessary. Genetic counselling may be of benefit for affect-ed individuals and their families.

An early diagnosis of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1: a case report and a review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by defects involving the TRPS1 gene. It exhibits distinctive craniofacial, ectodermal and skeletal abnormalities, such as sparse hair, bulbous nasal tip and short deformed fingers, with extremely variable expressivity. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 17 months old girl, who presented growth retardation and dysmorphic features. Postnatal growth was always below - 2 Standard Deviation for both weight and length and physical examination revealed relative macrocephaly, sparse hair, bulbous nasal tip, thin upper lip, protruding ears, prominent forehead, small jaw, and short hands and feet. Patient's mother shared the same facial features, and presented sparse hair and small hands. The maternal grandfather and two uncles presented short stature, bulbous nasal tip, thin hair, and premature alopecia. Molecular analysis of TRPS1 gene showed a heterozygous c.2086C > T;(p.Arg696Ter) mutation both in the patient and her mother, confirming the diagnosis of TRPS, type I. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical phenotype of TRPS can be subtle and the syndrome often remains undiagnosed. A comprehensive clinical examination and an exhaustive family history are crucial to reach the correct diagnosis, which is essential to perform adequate follow-up and timely therapeutic procedures.

Making extra teeth: Lessons from a TRPS1 mutation.

A Thai mother and her two daughters were affected with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I. The daughters had 15 and 18 supernumerary teeth, respectively. The mother had normal dentition. Mutation analysis of TRPS1 showed a novel heterozygous c.3809_3811delACTinsCATGTTGTG mutation in all. This mutation is predicted to cause amino acid changes in the Ikaros-like zinc finger domain near the C-terminal end of TRPS1, which is important for repressive protein function. The results of our study and the comprehensive review of the literature show that pathways of forming supernumerary teeth appear to involve APC and RUNX2, the genes responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome and cleidocranial dysplasia, respectively. The final pathway resulting in supernumerary teeth seems to involve Wnt, a morphogen active during many stages of development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Niño con síndrome tricorrinofalángico tipo II acompañado de baja estatura / Triehorhinophalangeal syndrome type II presenting with short stature in a child

El síndrome tricorrinofalángico (STRF) tipo II (sinónimo: síndrome de Langer-Giedion) es un síndrome autosómico dominante raro que afecta genes adyacentes y que se produce como resultado de una microdeleción que abarca los genes EXTl y TRPSl en la banda 8q24 (OMIM 150230). En este síndrome se combinan características de dos trastornos autosómicos dominantes: el síndrome tricorrinofalángico tipo I (OMIM 190350) y la osteocondromatosis múltiple hereditaria tipo I (OMIM 133700). El STRF tipo II se caracteriza por escaso cabello, nariz prominente y de extremo bulboso, surco nasolabial plano y alargado, epífisis de las falanges en forma de cono, retraso de la edad ósea durante la infancia y osteocondromas cartilaginosos múltiples. En este artículo presentamos el caso de un paciente de Turquía con las características clínicas y los signos óseos del STRF tipo II en el que se detectó una deleción de 13,8 Mb en las bandas 8q23.1-8q24.13.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPSII) (synonym: Langer-Giedon syndrome) is a rare autosomal dominant contiguous gene syndrome, resulting from a microdeletion encompassing the EXT1 and the TRPS1 gene at 8q24 (MIM#150230). This syndrome combines the clinical features of two autosomal dominant disorders, trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I (MIM#190350) and hereditary multiple osteochondromas type I (MIM # 133700). TRPSII is characterized by sparse scalp hair, a long nose with a bulbous tip, long flat philtrum, cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges, retarded bone age in infancy and multiple cartilaginous osteochondromas. We report a Turkish patient who had the clinical features and skeletal signs of TRPSII in whom a 13.8Mb deletion in 8q23.1- 8q24.13 was detected.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II presenting with short stature in a child. / Niño con síndrome tricorrinofalángico tipo II acompañado de baja estatura.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPSII) (synonym: Langer-Giedon syndrome) is a rare autosomal dominant contiguous gene syndrome, resulting from a microdeletion encompassing the EXT1 and the TRPS1 gene at 8q24 (MIM#150230). This syndrome combines the clinical features of two autosomal dominant disorders, trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I (MIM#190350) and hereditary multiple osteochondromas type I (MIM # 133700). TRPSII is characterized by sparse scalp hair, a long nose with a bulbous tip, long flat philtrum, cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges, retarded bone age in infancy and multiple cartilaginous osteochondromas. We report a Turkish patient who had the clinical features and skeletal signs of TRPSII in whom a 13.8Mb deletion in 8q23.1- 8q24.13 was detected.

El síndrome tricorrinofalángico (STRF) tipo II (sinónimo: síndrome de Langer-Giedion) es un síndrome autosómico dominante raro que afecta genes adyacentes y que se produce como resultado de una microdeleción que abarca los genes EXTl y TRPSl en la banda 8q24 (OMIM 150230). En este síndrome se combinan características de dos trastornos autosómicos dominantes: el síndrome tricorrinofalángico tipo I (OMIM 190350) y la osteocondromatosis múltiple hereditaria tipo I (OMIM 133700). El STRF tipo II se caracteriza por escaso cabello, nariz prominente y de extremo bulboso, surco nasolabial plano y alargado, epífisis de las falanges en forma de cono, retraso de la edad ósea durante la infancia y osteocondromas cartilaginosos múltiples. En este artículo presentamos el caso de un paciente de Turquía con las características clínicas y los signos óseos del STRF tipo II en el que se detectó una deleción de 13,8 Mb en las bandas 8q23.1-8q24.13.

Síndrome de Langer-Giedion con deleción 8q23. 1-q24. 12, diagnosticado por hibridación genómica comparativa / Langer-Giedion syndrome with 8q23. 1-q24. 12 deletion diagnosed by comparative genomic hybridization

El síndrome de Langer-Giedion, también conocido como síndrome tricorrinofalángico tipo II, es una enfermedad hereditaria multisistémica que pertenece al grupo de síndromes por deleción de genes contiguos. La causa de este síndrome es una deleción heterocigota que compromete, por lo general, la región 8q23.3-q24.11 y afecta, principalmente, los genes TRPS1, RAD21 y EXT1. Este síndrome se caracteriza por osteocondromatosis múltiple en las extremidades, hipertricosis y fenotipo facial, que incluye pelo escaso en el cuero cabelludo, orejas grandes sobresalientes y nariz larga con una punta bulbosa. Se reporta el caso de un paciente colombiano con hallazgo de deleción en la región cromosómica 8q23.1-q24.12 mediante técnicas de hibridación genómica comparativa y hallazgos clínicos clásicos. Este es el primer caso reportado en Colombia.

The Langer-Giedion syndrome, also known as trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II, is a hereditary multisystemic disease part of the group of contiguous gene deletion syndromes. The cause of this syndrome is a heterozygous deletion that involves the chromosomal region 8q23.3-q24.11 and mainly affects genes TRPS1, RAD21, and EXT1. This syndrome is characterized by the presence of multiple osteochondromas in limbs, hypertrichosis, and facial phenotype that includes sparse scalp hair, large laterally protruding ears, a long nose with a bulbous tip. We report the case of a Colombian patient with finding of an 8q23.1-q24.12 deletion by comparative genomic hybridization array technique and classical clinical findings, being the first case reported in Colombia.

[Langer-Giedion syndrome with 8q23.1-q24.12 deletion diagnosed by comparative genomic hybridization]. / Síndrome de Langer-Giedion con deleción 8q23.1-q24.12, diagnosticado por hibridación genómica comparativa.

The Langer-Giedion syndrome, also known as trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II, is a hereditary multisystemic disease part of the group of contiguous gene deletion syndromes. The cause of this syndrome is a heterozygous deletion that involves the chromosomal region 8q23.3-q24.11 and mainly affects genes TRPS1, RAD21, and EXT1. This syndrome is characterized by the presence of multiple osteochondromas in limbs, hypertrichosis, and facial phenotype that includes sparse scalp hair, large laterally protruding ears, a long nose with a bulbous tip. We report the case of a Colombian patient with finding of an 8q23.1-q24.12 deletion by comparative genomic hybridization array technique and classical clinical findings, being the first case reported in Colombia.

El síndrome de Langer-Giedion, también conocido como síndrome tricorrinofalángico tipo II, es una enfermedad hereditaria multisistémica que pertenece al grupo de síndromes por deleción de genes contiguos. La causa de este síndrome es una deleción heterocigota que compromete, por lo general, la región 8q23.3-q24.11 y afecta, principalmente, los genes TRPS1, RAD21 y EXT1. Este síndrome se caracteriza por osteocondromatosis múltiple en las extremidades, hipertricosis y fenotipo facial, que incluye pelo escaso en el cuero cabelludo, orejas grandes sobresalientes y nariz larga con una punta bulbosa. Se reporta el caso de un paciente colombiano con hallazgo de deleción en la región cromosómica 8q23.1-q24.12 mediante técnicas de hibridación genómica comparativa y hallazgos clínicos clásicos. Este es el primer caso reportado en Colombia.

Skeletal abnormalities of tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome type I.

The tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) type I is a rare genetic disorder related to the TRPS1 gene mutation in chromosome 8, characterized by craniofacial abnormalities and disturbances in formation and maturation of bone matrix. The hallmarks are sparse and brittle hair, tendency to premature baldness, bulbous nose called pear-shaped, long and flat filter and low ear implantation. The most noticeable skeletal changes are clinodactyly, phalangeal epiphyses of the hands appearing as cone-shaped, short stature and hip joint malformations. We report a case of a teenager boy diagnosed with TRPS and referred for rheumatologic evaluation due to joint complaints.